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Arterial hypertension

Arterial hypertension is a pathological condition characterized by a long increase in pressure indicators in the large circulatory artery.Signs of the disease are increased diastolic blood pressure (lower), but in most cases diagnosed, patients have continuous (upper) systolic pressure growth.

What pressure is considered to rise

The blood pressure classification received in 1999 is still valid to this day.The following are considered normal:

  • Optimal - less than 120/80 mm Hg.Art .;
  • Physiological norms - less than 130/85 mm Hg.Art .;
  • Normal increases-in the range 130-139/85-89 mm Hg.Art.

Increased pressure indicates the formation of hypertension.The internal grading of the pathology appears as follows:

  1. Soft (i Degree)-140-159/90-99 mm Hg.Art.
  2. Medium (II Second Degree)-160-179/100-109 mm Hg.Art.
  3. Weight (III Degree) - Over 180/110.

The border weapon is diagnosed in the case of a clue in 140-149/90 mm Hg.Art.And below.It is accompanied by episodes of pressure growth and spontaneous stabilization.

Isolated systolic hypertension is diagnosed with indicators 140 and above / 90 and below mm Hg.Art.This type of pathology is characterized by an increase in systolic indicators at diastolic physiological levels.

AG Classification (Main, Secondary)

Hypertension classification is based on several signs.When systematic, doctors take into account:

  • causes that cause pathological development;
  • defeated by target organs;
  • Current blood pressure level, etc.

Depending on the etiological factors, it is the custom to distinguish:

  1. Primary (important).
  2. Secondary hypertension (symptomatic).

By the nature of the path, benign (slowly developing) and malignant (with rapid deterioration) arterial hypertension is distinguished.

A variety of secondary hypertension (symptomatic)

Secondary artery hypertension (symptomatic) is a disease that develops due to damage to the organs responsible for blood pressure regulations.It is characterized by stubborn courses, lack of positive reactions to hypotension therapy performed, as well as changes in target organ, in particular, heart formation, kidney failure, and more.

If the main hypertension (important format) occurs as a free disease, then the secondary form is always a major pathological symptom.Arterial hypertension syndrome accompanies a large number of diseases.It is diagnosed in 10 % of all cases identified by increased blood pressure.

The classification of symptom hypertension is based on the factors that arouse the disease.

Distinguish:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.Development is caused by wounds of the central nervous system and related pathology, for example, brain neoplasia.
  2. Nephrogenic (kidney origin).They are divided into interstitial, renovascular, renovascular, mixed and rhinopian forms.
  3. Endocrine AG.There are adrenal formats, thyroid, pituitary and menopause.
  4. Hemodynamic - provoked by heart pathology and large arterial tract.
  5. DOS form.Its development is due to the use of oral contraceptives, glucocorticosteroid agents, etc.

The size and resistance of increased blood pressure, the severity of the changes in the left ventricular condition and the fundus underlying other classifications.Doctors distinguish different types of symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Temporary.For pathology, improvement is usually in pressure indicators.Changes in the state of the fundus are not fully present.Left ventricular hypertrophy is almost irregular.
  2. Laby.It is characterized by a moderate and moderate increase in blood pressure (free decrease).There is a weak left ventricular hypertrophy, narrowing the retinal vessel.
  3. Stable.It is accompanied by high blood pressure.Myocardial thickening, a severe violation of the fundus vessels was diagnosed.
  4. Malignant (uncontrolled).It is accompanied by a sudden increase in blood pressure.The result is unprofitable.

The following symptoms of symptomatic hypertension are found:

  • Pulmonary hypertension (small circulation of blood circulation).It is established as a diagnosis when determining blood pressure in the pulmonary artery more than 25 mm.Rt.Art.
  • Vasorsenal ah is a secondary form of pathology due to inadequate blood circulation in the kidneys as a result of defective arterial disorders.
  • Portal hypertension is one of the types of symptoms of the disease, accompanied by increased pressure in the door vein.
  • Virsungov channel hypertension.It develops with the background of chronic inflammation of the pancreas.

Consequences and complications

With long hypertension, targeted target organ vessels: heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.Violation of the blood circulation process can cause consequences such as:

  • An angina pectoral attack,
  • myocardial infarction,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

IMPORTANT!The formation of acute conditions against the background of increased blood pressure requires its reduction in the first/hour.

Cause

The causes of important pathological development are unknown to the doctor.Some theories are nominated:

  1. Neurogenic (legacy).Causes of development are chronic stress, significant emotional shock, and psychological injury.All of this causes failure in the process of nerve regulation, accompanied by increased sympathetic system activity.The result is a signal difference to all organs and an increase in vessel wall tone.
  2. Big salt.Due to the affected process of excess fluid output and certain trace elements.As a result of excess sodium salt content, an increase in volume of blood occurs.The body's attempt to maintain the process of hemostasis at the physiological stage leads to a small vessel spasming.Indicators of heart heart number are stable, but the amount of blood pressure is increased.

IMPORTANT!Doctors argue that the reason for the development of ah is an improvement in sympathetic system activities.

Modified risk factors (changed) that can cause arterial hypertension are:

  • Age - diagnosis of disease occurs in people - older age categories;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol intake;
  • chronic stress conditions;
  • inadequate physical activity;
  • overweight;
  • The presence of equivalent pathology - diabetes is very unprofitable;
  • Excessive salt with potassium deficiency.

Causes of increasing blood pressure can vary.The active work of the adrenal gland, as well as the tendency to genetic levels, can act as a provocative factor.

Symptom

In the early stages of formation, arterial hypertension is symptomless.Patients will learn about the presence of problems only after the development of serious complications.

The only pathological sign can be called an increase in pressure indicators.No complaints at all, or they are not specific:

  • Headache is localized in the forehead and back of the head;
  • dizzy;
  • noise.

The first complaint was formed against the background of the target organ loss.At this stage, the appearance of the following symptoms is observed:

  • dizziness, accompanied by headache, noise - arising as a logical result of blood circulatory disorders;
  • Initial problems with memorization of information;
  • Hands/feet numb;
  • Disadvantages;
  • doubling the visible image;
  • Black points blink in the field of view;
  • speech violations (rarely);
  • Nephropathy.

Symptoms are typical for the final stage.At the beginning of the pathology formation, they will come.

With damage to the heart, the left ventricle (LV) begins to hypertrophic.The cause of the change is the body's compensation response, which allows the stabilization of increased load on the wall.The increase in ventricles is due to increased cardiomyocytes.When things get worse, the heart space is expanded.

Such damage to organs can be manifest in the form:

  • the formation of heart failure,
  • Sudden heart capture —the,
  • ischemic disease,
  • gastric rhythm disruption,
  • Heart asthma,
  • Strong shortness of breath during load.

IMPORTANT!Cardi pain in the background of AG develops during an absolute break or as a result of emotional overvoltage.Characteristics are the inability to stop attacks with glycerol pills.

If the kidneys are damaged, the presence of protein in the urine can be observed.The appearance of blood impurities is not excluded.The probability of kidney failure is minimal.

Urine analysis for arterial hypertension

The main clinical sign of arterial hypertension is headache.It appears at any time of the day, but most often in the morning.It is felt by the patient as a rupture or pain.The localization is the back of the head, but the spread to the other area of the head is not excluded.The pain is enhanced by tilted and during coughing.It may occur in response to stressful situations, physical tension.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of the disease is designed to solve the following problems:

  • Pathology establishment, current degree determination;
  • Original identification of hypertension (primary/secondary form);
  • make differential diagnosis;
  • Determination of presence/absence of damage to the target organs.

During a personal conversation with the patient, the doctor knows what is needed:

  1. Are there cases of disease in an immediate environment.
  2. How often the pressure is set.
  3. Is there a history of chronic illness in patients, etc.

The body mass index (BMI) is calculated.Obesity is one of the potential provocators of hypertension.

After the examination is completed, blood pressure is measured.To determine the level of arterial hypertension, the patient is prescribed by the performance of the blood pressure profile, which is to make measurements to the patient at home.It should make 4 measurements: two in the morning and two in the afternoon, for several consecutive days.

The results must be included in the table.If the indicator exceeds 140/90 mm Hg.Art., We can talk about the presence of arterial hypertension.

Sometimes the brush is prescribed (daily monitoring of blood pressure).This technique is indicated if the patient's measurement remains normal, but another symptom of the disease occurs.

IMPORTANT!Smad is a variety of measurements of blood pressure for a full day.Measurement is done by a special device.

To establish the real cause of the development of arterial hypertension and to determine the power of damage to the target organs, prescribed:

  • Inspection of kidney system.Includes urine studies - general tests.A -trial, ultrasound of the kidney system, renographic with the introduction of radioactive isotopes is prescribed.
  • Heart test.ECG is used (electrocardiogram shows road growth R), echocardiography (allowing you to see signs of improvement of pathology in left ventricles and other transformations).
  • Eye examination.Signs of the disease are visual filming of blood vessels, sealing.Bleeding is not excluded.
  • Ultrasound of the thyroid gland and the adrenal gland.
  • Blood examination is a general test and expanded biochemistry.

When diagnosing a form of secondary hypertension, it is necessary to make a differential diagnostics (DIH).He passed in two stages:

  • Clinical picture analysis, improving complaints, patient physics examination in particular, auscultation, instrumental/laboratory study;
  • Steps of diagnostics that allow you to evaluate the functional conditions of the organs and existing changes, in particular, it is necessary to eliminate cardiograms.

Methods that are considered to help to confirm the diagnosis, determine the origin of the disease and select sufficient therapy for the country.

Treatment

Hypertension treatment begins with a lifestyle review and non -Drug therapy.The exception is secondary hypertension.

Arterial hypertension drug therapy provides the following group of drugs:

  1. Diuretics.Medicines have a positive effect on the condition of the cardiovascular system.Acceptance is not accompanied by the development of side effects.Disease therapy begins with diuretic (contraindication - diabetes and gout).Against the background of treatment, the amount of urine released by the kidneys and, thus, excess water and sodium salt, increases.Diuretics are prescribed in combination with other hypertension.
  2. Alpha-blockers.Medicines are distinguished by good tolerance.They do not affect blood sugar levels.Provides decreased blood pressure with slight increase in pulse (frequency of heart muscle contraction).The occurrence of orthostatic hypotension at the beginning of treatment with drugs of this group became a side effect.To exclude its development, it is advisable to take the medication before bed.
  3. Beta-blockers.Reduce heart rate, which is accompanied by a decrease in blood pressure.
  4. Ace inhibitors.Modern medicine is distinguished by high therapeutic effects and good tolerance.Against the background of taking funds in the patient's body, the form of angiotensin II - a hormone that causes narrowing of the blood vessel lumen.Thanks to this, the peripheral vessels develop, the heart works in a quieter rhythm.There is a decrease in blood pressure indicators.
  5. Angiotensin-II antagonist.Medicines also block angiotensin ii.They are appointed if it is impossible to accept ACE inhibitors.
  6. Calcium antagonists.Medications expand the blood vessel gap, thus preventing the development of stroke.Medicines have excellent therapeutic effects and are well received.Has a small list of contraindications.Often prescribed as part of complex therapy.

To stop treatment even after stabilization of blood pressure is strictly prohibited.In this case, the disease will begin to develop, which will affect the condition of the target organ.In addition, the risk of heart attack and stroke increases significantly.

The treatment of the disease is performed in outpatients: patients independently take the selected medication.Hospital hospitalization is only recommended in severe cases.

Pathological treatment in addition to taking medications provides massage.Procedures contribute not only to reducing stress, but also the strengthening of the body, increasing the activity of the cardiovascular system, and others.Read more about the different types of massages in our article: Massage with high pressure - classic, point and effective methods.

Diet

Compliance with nutritional principles of nutrition is one of the important stages of stabilizing blood pressure indicators.With hypertension, Diet No.10 Recommended.

In the early stages of pathological formation (AH 1 degree), it is necessary to adhere to diet No.5. It provides restrictions on the use of table salt.With the deterioration of the state and the development of violations in the work of the liver and the vascular system, the transition to Diet No.5 A. Recommended

If the disease is complicated by atherosclerosis, Diet No.10 C. Hypokolesterol diet is prescribed to reduce animal fat, carbohydrates are easy to digest.Diets should include foods with dietary fiber content, vegetable fat and protein.

A list of allowed products is presented by the following position:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, cereal, with bran.Not baking, baking.
  • Vegetable soups -experienced with cereals.
  • Dietary varieties: Chicken, rabbit.It is allowed to boil and burn.
  • Sea/river fish.Seafood.
  • Seasonal vegetables.From them, you can prepare a stew.
  • Sour products -milk and low fat cottage cheese.Low sour cream (placed in dish).
  • Soft eggs (no more than 3 pieces per week).
  • Dairy milk and tomatoes.
  • Croats, pasta.
  • Oil (to add ready dish).
  • Fruit/berries (in any form).It can be used for the preparation of compot, jelly, jelly.
  • Juice, tea with milk, boil rosehip.

It must be fully excluded from the diet:

  • New baked bread, sdoba, complicated pastries.
  • Favarous soup.
  • Fatty meat.
  • Smoked meat, sausage.
  • Fish (salty/smoke), caviar.
  • Fat sauce, cheese, cream.
  • Spring, radish, spinach, radish, mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, sugar -gula, strong tea, coffee.

The use of salt must be significantly reduced.

Salt with arterial hypertension

Prevention

Prevention of the disease is not specific.Standard suggestions:

  1. Adhere to the principles of nutrition, excluding or reducing the number of certain products.Reduce the use of salt and animal fat.In the process of cooking, it is advisable not to suck food at all.It should leave a fat/sharp/fried dish.
  2. Daily physical activity by age group.Doing gymnastics enhances human well -being.It is recommended to engage in running, walking, swimming, visiting the gym, doing breathing exercises.At the beginning of the class, the body should receive a minimum load.It must be gradually enhanced.
  3. Heavy normalization is one of the prerequisites for successful prevention.
  4. It is necessary to learn how to control stressful situations, as it is a violation of the work of the central nervous system that doctors call almost the main cause of disease progression.Autotoring, meditation, self -hypnosis helps well in this regard.
  5. Complete rejection of bad habits.Smoking and alcohol can also cause pathology.

Pathophysiology considers arterial hypertension as one of the most serious pathologies, not only the quality of life of the patient, but can cause death.That is why when an episode increases blood pressure, it is necessary to obtain a specialist consultation and, if necessary, start treatment.